Alan Chalmers s Theory Of Scientific Knowledge - 1010 Words

Falsification in Science - the â€Å"Hypothetico-deductive† method â€Å"Scientific knowledge is proven knowledge. Scientific theories are derived in some rigorous way from the facts of experience acquired by observation and experiment. Science is based on what we can see and hear and touch, etc. Personal opinion or preferences and speculative imaginings have no place in science. Science is objective. Scientific knowledge is reliable knowledge because it is objectively proven knowledge.† – Alan Chalmers, What Is This Thing Called Science?, 1982, p.1. Chalmers represents the traditional inductivist view with his statement on science. An inductivist makes observations, then creates a general statement that aims to explain the encountered phenomenon. However, Karl Popper, another scientific philosopher, has completely rejected this scientific method and has argued against the sole use of induction when conducting scientific research. Unsatisfied with Chalmers’ method, and the traditional inductive method in general, he instead made his own ‘version’ of the scientific method, dubbed ‘the hypothetico-deductive method’. These two scientific methods contrast each other, and to demonstrate their difference Chalmers’ statement will be evaluated using the typical view of one who subscribes to Popper’s ‘hypothetico-deductive’ method of falsification. I will then evaluate the two methods, commenting on their individual limitations and merits. To contrast the two methods, Popper’sShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Science And Philosophy Of Science Essay1336 Words   |  6 Pages Alan Francis Chalmers is an associate professor who works extensive in the history and philosophy of science (physical). Alan Chalmers has taught at the University of Sydney since 1971, first in the School of Philosophy, and from 1987 at the Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science. He attained a B.Sc. in physics at the University of Bristol, and his M.Sc. in physics from the University of Manchester. His Ph.D. on the electromagnetic theory of J.C. Maxwell was grantedRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesGeorge S. Kriz, Gary M. Lampman, Randall G. Engel (IM) A People and a Nation A History of the United States, Brief Edition, Volume I, 9th Edition_Mary Beth Norton, Carol Sheriff, David W. Blight, Howard P. Chudacoff, A People and a Nation A History of the United States, Volume II Since 1865, 9th Edition_Mary Beth Norton, Carol Sheriff, David W. Blight, Howard P. Chudacoff, Fredrik A Small Scale Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques, 3rd Edition _Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S. KrizRead MoreMuseum and Tourism25584 Words   |  103 Pagesachievement of a beneficial inter-action between the potentially conflicting expectations and aspirations of visitors and host or local communities, presents many challenges and opportunities.†13 I believe that within the museum world lies much knowledge and experience which is certainly relevant to further discussion and development of the relationship between cultural heritage management and tourism. Though my topic is connected to the field of cultural tourism, it has to be kept clear that thisRead MoreMuseum and Tourism25591 Words   |  103 Pagesachievement of a beneficial inter-action between the potentially conflicting expectations and aspirations of visitors and host or local communities, presents many challenges and opportunities.†13 I believe that within the museum world lies much knowled ge and experience which is certainly relevant to further discussion and development of the relationship between cultural heritage management and tourism. Though my topic is connected to the field of cultural tourism, it has to be kept clear that thisRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe vital connections between the genesis of and incessant innovations in computer technologies and the development of both nuclear power generators and atomic weaponry, and they also examine the ways that advances in these enmeshed fields of scientific and technological endeavor became emblematic in the cold war decades of national power and prestige, as well as symbols of modernity itself. They go well beyond the usual focus on the two superpowers INTRODUCTION †¢ 7 to look at â€Å"nuclear

Learning a New Language Essay - 954 Words

Learning a New Language Language is a matter that touches many American cultures. Cultures thrive on their languages and customs to define the people they are. However, second languages can divide not only people of a specific group but also members of a particular family. Several writers address the unvarying difficulty of learning a second language in America. Many rhetorical devices are used to sustain their assertions and to shape the reader. An Asian-American author speaks about multilingualism in American today. Tan (2002) uses rhetorical devices to support her claims about her frustrations with a mother who does not speak English very well. Throughout this paper, I will analyze Tan’s cause-and-effect structure, personal†¦show more content†¦Example 3 talks about how ashamed she was about her mother’s broken English. Example 4 expressed her feeling of family imperfection as her mother spoke. In the second passage, examples 5-6 show how her mother’s broken English throughout her life effected how she felt about herself later on in life. Tan puts the characteristics of her mother’s linguistics on her mother herself showing her frustration from what happened to her as a child. Tan shows her reader how she felt by explaining what happened in the past to convey how she feels now. Another argument Tan (2002) uses throughout her text is personal experiences. Personal experiences is an argument writers use to exemplify their points throughout personal references. The following excerpt shows Tan’s personal experience exemplifying her assertions. â€Å"Recently, I was made keenly aware of the 1) different Englishes I do use. I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I had already given to half a dozen other groups. The nature of the talk was about my writing, my life, and my book, The Joy Luck Club. The talk was going along well enough, until I remembered one major 2) difference that made the whole talk sound wrong. My mother was in the room. And it was perhaps the first time she had heard me give a lengthy speech, using the 3) kind of English IShow MoreRelatedLanguage Acquisition : Learning A New Language1241 Words   |  5 PagesChristine Navaja Language Acquisition Final Project 12/10/14 Bilinguals and Monolinguals In today’s society, it is essential that one knows more than one language to be very well qualified in acquiring jobs. However, learning a new language is not an easy task. One must be dedicated and be fully immersed to be fluent at it later on. There are certain grammatical rules that exists in one language but not in the others. Grammatical gender, for an example, is present in various languages around theRead MoreLearning A New Language Essay2129 Words   |  9 Pages9 Learning a New Language My Family s Path to Become Quad Lingual Resolutions has not always been my thing. I rarely make one and even if I do it ends up being a to do lost for the first week of January. But this year is going to be different due to two reasons. One, I am more excited than I have ever been and two, it involves my toddler son. When it comes to him I never compromise. This year I have decided to learn a new language with him. I speak English and Tamil at home. Hindi, which I am fluentRead MoreThe Challenges Of Learning A New Language862 Words   |  4 Pageswere accustomed to, they managed to raise their children with good morals and beliefs. They quickly learned that without the proper education or financial stability, it was impossible to succeed in this country. Between the challenges of learning a new language, and finding a job without a college education, my parents had to quickly adapt to an unconventional lifestyle. They worked tirelessly to keep us motivated through school even though they lacked the knowledge, and preparation to send theirRead MoreObstacle Or Aid : Learning A New Language1014 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Obstacle or Aid: Learning a new language Many people are unaware that there are more than six thousand languages in the world today. Imagine if a person could learn to read and write them all, picture the possibilities. It seems like an impossible feat, doesn’t it? Well you guessed it, it is. But it still remains a linguists’ dream to master as many languages as possible in a single lifetime. Language is one of the major systems of communication. So, is trying to learning to learn to write inRead MoreThe Human Auditory System For Learning New Languages1012 Words   |  5 Pages Young minds adapt to learning new languages more easily than developed minds. When you are young you don’t understand where the language comes from you, you simply imitate the sounds and words that you hear being spoken. When a baby first realizes they have a voice they making nonsensical noises constantly. As they begin to feel comfortable they start repeating after words they hear usually beginning with â€Å"momm y†, â€Å"daddy† and â€Å"no†. While this initial speaking usually happens around thirteenRead MoreBeyond The United States : The Benefits Of Learning A New Language3667 Words   |  15 Pagesin my future, but as well as the realization that there is a much bigger world out there. We have dyeing languages and cultures out in the world and people do not even realize it. There are more people learning English than there are people learning another language besides English. English is becoming the universal language. So, I will be sharing with you the benefits of learning a new language as well as why there are only a limit on foreign culture we can learn about in schools. There will alsoRead MoreLearning A Whole New Language And Culture Halfway Through Sixth Grade Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesLearning a whole new language and culture halfway through fifth grade was torturous as a child just beginning to start the puberty stage. Parents and teachers shifted fro m a friend to the enemy. Not understanding the intentions of my parents and English As a Second Language teachers by giving me workbooks for second and third graders, I, at the time, felt like they were just trying to keep me behind the other regular English students. However, those frustrations were never conveyed since communicatingRead MoreIn this modern world, learning a new language is a huge endeavor in a person’s life. In order for1300 Words   |  6 Pagesmodern world, learning a new language is a huge endeavor in a person’s life. In order for someone to learn a new language, it is necessary for them to learn the language structure, its phonemes, facial expressions, word collocations, and other detail aspects related to learning a language. When communicating with someone that can fluently speak the language you are trying to learn, talking to them may be a challenge because it takes awhile for someone who is foreign with the language to find the rightRead Mor eEnglish Language Literature Review1373 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish language learners there are two approaches to learning a new language, bilingual education where the student is first taught in their native language before transitioning to the new language and immersion where a student is taught completely in the new language. There are benefits to both approaches. The bilingual method has more flexibility for the learner and brings aspects of the first language into the learning process. The learner is better able to relate the new language to his orRead MoreLanguage Acquisition Theory ( Take Off )1020 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction – Language acquisition theory (TAKE OFF) Through the linguistic lenses, Stephen Kristen created an article based on second language acquisition theories on how humans develop an additional language and/or languages. Several hypotheses that exist on this topic, but one of them is relevant to how a second language is acquired. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis broadly emphasises two different languages can be acquired: 1) acquire the language, 2) learn the language (Krashen, p. 1). This

The Art of Befriending a Country free essay sample

I was only seven months old when I took my first plane ride. In order to raise their first child in the best environment possible, my parents moved to Germany, where a favorable exchange rate and job opportunities for English speakers meant a better life for our family. As a result, I was submersed in a world of many languages. My English-speaking parents, my German neighbors, and my Turkish day care teacher filled my ears with a constant stream of multilingual lullabies. As my incomprehensible babbling turned into simple words, it was just as likely for me to say â€Å"Vati† as it was for me to say â€Å"Dad.† After two years, my parents had saved enough money for us to head back to the States, and along with an unhealthy appetite for German chocolate, I brought with me an insatiable curiosity about the world. As I matured, my parents fed my desire for international adventures: At age five, I spent the summer in Scotland. We will write a custom essay sample on The Art of Befriending a Country or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Age seven meant a trip to Martin Luther’s home in Wittenberg. When I turned 10, we spent the summer hiking the Alps. The more I traveled, the more I wanted to see, but after the birth of my sisters, my parents ended our voyages. When we moved to Michigan permanently, I felt like something was missing. Suddenly, instead of the vibrant diversity of foreign cities, I was surrounded by what seemed to be a bland replacement for the culture I had experienced abroad. At age 13, after realizing that my family wouldn’t be leaving the country anytime soon, I began applying to every international program I could find. Mission trips, exchange programs, pen pals: I became a part of anything that would connect me with people of other countries. I researched the history of every place I could think of. I spent my free time pouring over maps, I studied German vigorously, and I learned basic phrases in Spanish, French, Arabic, and Czech, hoping to some day put it all to use. Blinded by naivety, I believed that travel alone would enable me to understand the world. Four years and 12 countries later, I finally had an epiphany: It wasn’t the physical travel that I craved (although that’s what my parents often assumed); it was the people I met that really interested me. I was attending an international school in Berlin my junior year when I realized this. As the only American, I had an entirely different world view from my classmates. My closest friends were from Zambia, South Africa, Ecuador, and Syria. My classmates and teachers together represented 57 countries. As I got to know these people, I got to know their countries as well. As we discussed our backgrounds, I learned the difference between South African â€Å"ubuntu† and German â€Å"Vergangenheitsbewaltigung.† I learned about the difficulties of balancing Muslim tradition with European culture. And most surprisingly, I learned a great deal about my own background as an American. L earning that I didn’t need to physically be somewhere to experience a culture, I finally realized just how valuable identity is in understanding the world. This enabled me to appreciate every aspect of a person’s background, regardless of whether it is radically different from mine. With this in mind, and my curiosity for the world stronger than ever, I’m putting my time and energy into my next big challenge: finding an enriching community here in the States that can help broaden my world view. And, maybe not surprisingly, I’m beginning to think that college might just be the perfect place to begin.

Guest Speaker free essay sample

When thinking of an attorney the majority does not give It much thought as to the different types and functionalities this profession takes. That is, until someone is in need of one, or facing one of these professional arguers. One group that find themselves facing an attorney are criminals who have had charges placed against them through the District Attorneys Office. The District Attorneys Office Is the mall prosecuting party in any criminal case whether it comes down to a plea bargain which covers about 95% of all cases or goes to a full court trial.District Attorneys, otherwise known as D. A. s, base much of their decisions by the amount of Investigation and evidence that Investigators supply them with. Scott Schlemiels, who spoke In class, Is the Deputy District Attorney for Sacramento county. Mr.. Gibberish was a wealth of knowledge on correlating good investigation practices to how well an attorney can prosecute. We will write a custom essay sample on Guest Speaker or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page D. A. Gibberish began his presentation by describing his workload which consists of prosecuting general felonies.These felonies range from drugs, DUD, home Invasion, attempted murders, etc. Before becoming a D. A. For Sacramento County he worked for Orange County as a District Attorney. The D. A. Has spent his entire career working closely with deferent law enforcement agencies, as well as numerous police officers. He has worked with special investigation projects, federal agencies, special task forces involved with narcotics, white collar crime, and the U. S Attorney. Being an attorney where the main focus is to prosecute a criminal Mr. .Gibberish stressed that it is crucial to receive an investigation report that is the most accurate down to the smallest detail. Any aspect of the Investigation that Is overlooked or mistakenly not written in the officers report can open a whole for the defenses side to prove the defendant is innocent or have the case dismissed all together. The defense attorney will scrutinize every detail of a report for accuracy and if they find anything they can make a defense out of they will, as Scott said, tear you up when you testify.The defense will still question every detail on the report and ask why certain things were not done, but if the report is done correctly then the office will be able to defend his actions and investigation. He went on to state that when officers do a proper Investigation and complete a thorough report then the defense will not have a leg to stand on and In most cases the defendant will agree too plea bargain and the case will be resolved without having to go to t rial. Another point that was stressed was every case matters and that all investigations eater. Every time a crime is committed no matter how small or how In the bag It may seem the investigation is crucial. Mr.. Shellfish stated that 95% of the time a good investigation matters. He described that as an investigator it is important to remain open minded, logical, and objective as a majority of the time what you think is Deputy District Attorney Scott Gibberish who works for Sacramento County was a great asset to have speak for the class. He strongly enforced the importance of a thorough report and the consequences if you slack on details.

Does the divorce of parents harm their children an Example of the Topic All Posts by

Does the divorce of parents harm their children? INTRODUCTION Apparently, the debated issue concerning the consequences of the divorce of parents to the upbringing of their children, is a polarizing issue and will likely remain to be so. And, if the biases on both sides are allowed to intensify and harden as objective discussions push further forward, the end result in sight is a tragedy of irreconcilable issues. But before further deliberation takes its course onward on such assertion, it is just that both poles be given space in this present work with regards to their respective case studies, findings, positions taken, as well as prognostications. Need essay sample on "Does the divorce of parents harm their children?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Frequently Tell EssayLab specialists: I'm not in the mood to write my essay because I want to spend time with my girlfriend. Where can I hire academic writers? Essay writer professionals recommend: Find Your Helping Hand! AFFIRMATIVE T he prominent authority who sounds forewarning of a disgraceful and stigmatic future for most children of divorced parents is Psychologist Judith Wallerstein. In her book, The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce: Report of a 25-yr. Study in Psychoanalytic Psychology (Summer, 2004), co-authored by Julia M. Lewis, Judith Wallerstein put on record her Case Studies which began in the early 1970s. Said Studies involved 131 child- ren of divorced parents. For the next 25 years, Wallerstein consistently followed through her encounters with the lives of those kids as they grew up. Focusing her study on a select group of 7 children who served as representative embodiment of a bigger body having similar genre of experiences, Wallerstein found that the indelible mark of infamy brought about by parental break-up remained a haunting emotional pang in their lives all through their growing-up years. Though some broken-home children would achieve relative success in their endea- vor, a void in the inside wo uld hinder them to excel to fullness of attainment in life. Others who are less fortunate experienced a sort of vicious circle of wishful thinking and fear of losing resulting to failure of achieving satisfaction in life. The most unfortunate are those who would repeat the past parental blunder with the prospect that looks even worse. NEGATIVE Though she would not openly claim it, Mavis Hetherington is considered by Realists as the foremost authority of a comprehensive and balanced study of divorce. In her 3-decade study of about 1,400 families beginning in 1972, Hetherington found that 75% of children of divorced parents would do pretty well after living through the transi- tinal adjustment following the parental split. Furthermore, Hetherington found that about 70% of children in their stepfamilies are pretty happy. And, about 70% of their parents are enjoying a well enough to even brighter and enhanced living now than how they lived prior to divorce. Mavis Hetheringtons relatively positive findings are compiled in her book, For Better or For Worse: Divorce Reconsidered (W.W. Norton, 2002). She is co-authored by John Kelly, a Journalist. Hetheringtons study and presentation emerges out into the National Audience like a Tumpet of Good Tidings announcing to the world of apprehensive pessimists that after all divorce is not at all doomed. To call a Square peg in a round hole marital rela- tion quit, is certainly challenging and painful at first, but as Hetherington herself says, it is also a window of opportunity to build a new and better life (USA TODAY, 2002). PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS On the part of those whose first marriage ended in divorce, the studies, findings, and offerings of hope put forward by Mavis Hetherington and Advocates, are soothing aroma that can somehow motivate them to keep moving on and do better to make up for lost time and opportunity. On the part of those who are yet planning to settle down and have a family, or if they already are married but are encountering relational rough and tumble experiences along the way, the forewarnings offered by Judith Wallerstein can serve as deterrence as well as challenge to do and exhaust every resource available to save what is, where is. On the part of those who committed themselves to go the extra-mile and be larger- than-life like the Stepfamilies, Youth Workers, Counselors, Ministers, the distilled facts and informations derived from the objective findings from both camps can certainly serve as practical and down-to-earth guidelines in their ministerial undertakings. On the part of Public Policy-makers, the diversity in the realm of personal beliefs, values, preferences, are beyond legalistic infringement. The best that Policy-makers may do is to provide a quality social infrastructure, environment, and atmosphere condu- cive to healthy living. And also, to give more support and incentives to expert and co- mmitted private institutions involved in rehabilitation and rebuilding of the lives of helpless victims of disgrace. CONCLUSION The burden brought about by parental mistakes are never charged on the account of their offsprings (Ezekiel 18:20, NASB). The latter may, for a while, be inconve- nienced by the absence of the supposed atmosphere and environment of an ideal home due to the shortfall of their Should-be Providers. But, as they are innocent and helpless victims, theirs is all the hope and chances to get delivered in time for good. Meantime, the debate which is basically tempered by biased and myopic emotion- alism, and in some cases, sentimentalism can go on and on. Unless and until Miraculous Intervention comes from The Great Power of Compassion and Comfort working within and without, the verbal skirmish can intensify and even harden into a tragedy of irreconcilable differences. May this little voice serve its purpose for the sake of sobriety and open-mindedness in the spirit of Good Faith and Hope, and and for the love of Goodness, Truth, and Beauty. References: The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce: Report of a 25-yr. study of Psychoanalytic Psychology (Summer, 2004) For Better or For Worse: Divorced Reconsidered (W.W. Norton, 2002) USA TODAY: Divorce need not end in disaster, updated 01/13/2002 Old Testament Hebrew-Christian Bible: Ezekiel 18:20, NASB, 1971

Free Essays on Piercing

The Healing time for the Nipple Piercing varies greatly from person to person but is usually around 3-6 months. Make sure your piercer gives you detailed "Aftercare" instructions on how exactly to care for your new piercings. Jewellery that is appropriate for the Nipple piercing includes Bead rings, Continuous rings, Barbells or Circular Barbells. Bead rings are a popular choice of jewellery for the initial piercing as they are cheaper and make it much easier to clean the piercing. Labrets are used for labret and lip piercings as well as some ear piercings Vassel Rings are a creative and versatile piece of jewelry often warn in place of a barbell or a captive bead ring. For example, put the barbell through your tongue, or put the ring through your nipple letting the barbell dangle. Earlets & Plugs are more often used in the ears but can be warn in a variety of large gauge holes. General Piercing Care Information 1. NEVER handle a new piercing with dirty hands! Wash hands and fingertips well. 2. Avoid any introduction of foreign bodily fluid to the area (sweat, blood, saliva, etc.). 3. Do not harass the piercing's healing process by wearing constrictive clothing or allowing repeated bumping and knocking around the jewelry. 4. Use caution when swimming during healing; poor water quality and high bacteria presence will infect your new piercing. Some people will run Vaseline or Neosporin liberally through the hole prior to a swim in order to seal off the exposed tissue temporarily. In this case, soak well with salt water and clean immediately afterwards. 5. Listen to your body's reactions to various products. Some ingredients commonly found in skincare products can irritate the vulnerable tissue in new piercings. Eliminating variables in product exposure will often solve occasional irritation. 6. ALL new piercings will secrete a gooey, sticky fluid called lymph. This will dry up and form a ring of crust... Free Essays on Piercing Free Essays on Piercing The Healing time for the Nipple Piercing varies greatly from person to person but is usually around 3-6 months. Make sure your piercer gives you detailed "Aftercare" instructions on how exactly to care for your new piercings. Jewellery that is appropriate for the Nipple piercing includes Bead rings, Continuous rings, Barbells or Circular Barbells. Bead rings are a popular choice of jewellery for the initial piercing as they are cheaper and make it much easier to clean the piercing. Labrets are used for labret and lip piercings as well as some ear piercings Vassel Rings are a creative and versatile piece of jewelry often warn in place of a barbell or a captive bead ring. For example, put the barbell through your tongue, or put the ring through your nipple letting the barbell dangle. Earlets & Plugs are more often used in the ears but can be warn in a variety of large gauge holes. General Piercing Care Information 1. NEVER handle a new piercing with dirty hands! Wash hands and fingertips well. 2. Avoid any introduction of foreign bodily fluid to the area (sweat, blood, saliva, etc.). 3. Do not harass the piercing's healing process by wearing constrictive clothing or allowing repeated bumping and knocking around the jewelry. 4. Use caution when swimming during healing; poor water quality and high bacteria presence will infect your new piercing. Some people will run Vaseline or Neosporin liberally through the hole prior to a swim in order to seal off the exposed tissue temporarily. In this case, soak well with salt water and clean immediately afterwards. 5. Listen to your body's reactions to various products. Some ingredients commonly found in skincare products can irritate the vulnerable tissue in new piercings. Eliminating variables in product exposure will often solve occasional irritation. 6. ALL new piercings will secrete a gooey, sticky fluid called lymph. This will dry up and form a ring of crust...

Financial markets Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial markets - Coursework Example An asset manager while creating a portfolio diversifies the total investment into an optimal mix of asset class with an aim of either to increase return or reduce risk, so as to create a balanced portfolio. Traditionally asset managers allocated a structure of 45% of assets were invested in equities, 25% in bonds, 15% in property and 15% in cash, based on the client’s need of asset classes which would provide long term capital appreciation for the level of risk that the client is willing to undertake. As per the offered portfolio, 45% of assets were invested in equity which generated high return with high amount of risk, 25% in bonds which generated constant return with reduced risk, 15% in property or real estate which generated substantial amount of return with substantial risk, and 15% in cash or money market instruments which generated constant promised return with low risk. Thus it can be said that the portfolio offered by the asset manager as on one way generated return to the client with low risk as well as paved the way to earn higher return if high risk is undertaken. Thus with an aim to diversify risk and attain balanced returns this balanced portfolio could be achieved. ... + ((PA * ?A) = (50% * 0) + (50% * 10%) = 5% (ii) Expected Return of Mutual Fund F (E(RMF)) = 20% Expected return of stock A (E(RA)) = 15% Risk free rate of return (RF) = 5% Investment in risk free security (PF) = ? Investment in stock A (PA) = ? It is known that, (E(RMF)) = (PF * (RF)) + (PA * E(RA)) Or, 20% = (PF * 5%) + (PA * 15%) So as to increase return, investment in Stock A needs to be increased since it gives higher return than the risk free security. Even if 90% of the total investment is invested in stock A and 10% invested in risk free security, still the Expected return of 20% cannot be reached, as the expected return in that case would be 13.5 + 0.5 = 14%. If we refer to Markowitz portfolio theory so as find the proportion of investment in the portfolio we need to find the correlation coefficient (rAF) of the portfolio. rAF= CovAF / ?F* ?A Where, Covariance of the assets (CovAF) = P* ([(RF) - E(RF)]* [(RA) - E(RA)]) In the absence of the value of E(RF) and (RA) in the pro blem, E(RF) is considered to be 5% as equal to (RF), and 10% as the value of E(RA). Therefore, (CovAF) = 50% ([0.05-0.05]*[0.10-0.10]), which is equal to 0. Therefore, rAF = 0/ 0*0.10, which is also equal to 0. As per Markowitz, If rAF=0, PF = ?A 2/ (?A 2 + ?F 2) PA = ?F 2/ (?A 2 + ?F 2) Therefore, PF = 0.102/ (0.102 + 0) = 1 PA = 0/ (0.102 + 0) = 0 So, (E(RMF)) = (1 * 0.05) + ( 0*0.15 ) = 0.05 = 5% But as the investor wants maximum return so he may choose to invest fully in Stock A which would generate a return of 15%, which is greater than 5%. Thus, it is found that 20% return cannot be generated from the portfolio. (iii) As discussed earlier the portfolio cannot achieve an expected return of 20% so standard deviation of such a portfolio cannot be found. Reference Marling, H. and

Isaiah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Isaiah - Essay Example This is contrary to what they would have enjoyed if they kept God’s ordinances from the great to the small. However, certain scholars despite holding onto the idea of â€Å"everlasting covenant† argue chapters 24 to 27 their content is about a period, which is still in the â€Å"undefined future.† â€Å"Undefined future† relayed in these chapters according to some scholars is the messianic second coming. Therefore, this interpretative study seeks to analyze varied statements featured in these chapters coupled with linking them with other Biblical supporting verses having similar implications. Penalties featured in verses 1 – 5 seem to denote eschatological events intended to take place in the undefined future2. Hence, the penalties act as prediction of what the supreme God will do to repay those who chose to disobey His statutes. The denotation of â€Å"everlasting covenant† in these verses is evident from their adoption of a contractual stru cture, whereby any agreement or pact has both the fine’s side and benefits. Mainly, these are for those involved in the contractual process to enjoy if they comply as necessitated with the already devised laws or suffer suppose they choose to live on contrarily to what the Lord demands3. Benefits of the â€Å"everlasting covenant† are evident in chapters 25 to 27, which comprise of a hymn outlining the restoration the chosen would enjoy characterized by an extremely promising future4. The future based on Isaiah’s victorious song is incomparable to what the chosen have ever enjoyed before choosing to wander away from their God’s ordinances while on earth5. Mostly, the Future relayed in 25:1-5 encompasses adequate protection not only from the enemies but also from harsh environmental conditions like heat and rain6. The identity of â€Å"everlasting covenant† in these verses is also evident when the Isaiah tries to relay the kind of feast, which the S upreme Judge promises Jerusalem’s remnant7. Remnant in this case encompasses those who have kept the law though due to numerous challenges beyond human control did fail but rose again. Feast promised for those who will be the remnant though based on this banquet’s nature, signifies total rest from the miseries of this passing world. For instance, God through Isaiah besides assuring the chosen absolute protection, He also declares to destroy death eternally8. Hence, proving that the evidence of consolation evident in verse 8 is in the future, which in this case is â€Å"undefined† whereby the beneficiaries will enjoy total peace. Since, they will experience neither death nor other life’s predicaments characterizing humanity’s existence on earth9. The banquet’s rules concerning â€Å"everlasting covenant† relayed in these verses is similar to the blessings and curses, which God though Moses told His children will encounter if they chose to either obey Him or disobey10. Consequently, this â€Å"everlasting covenant† promises extends to date, whereby those who have chosen to abide by God’s ordinances ought to keep their hopes alive knowing they also share the same assurances11. This is because the â€Å"undefined future† and eschatological events relayed in these verses signify the second messianic coming12. 2. Two cities relayed in Isaiah 24 – 27 signify Jerusalem and fortified city. The latter city based on the reading experiences God’s wrath. This is because of their disobedience and lack of its residents persistence to the end when the Lord will prepare a banquet for those who proved to be triumphant, which is evident in the victorious’ song in chapter 2513. Based on apocalyptic interpretation, fortified city in

Comparing and Contrasting Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparing and Contrasting Poetry - Essay Example ier to access and, in some ways, lighter, and the distance of the poet from the subject creates an atmosphere within which we can observe what is really going on. Both poems illustrate strong emotions: envy and love. The strong iambic trimeter of Papa’s Waltz is made slightly uneven by the extra unstressed syllable on the even lines, suggesting that, perhaps, the steps of the waltz are not exactly even either. However, in Richard Cory, we have iambic pentameter and the quatrain structure rhyming every other line, suggestive of a sonnet, which is only changed by adding the last two lines. The slightly uneven meter of Roethke’s poem creates a certain image of a stumbling dance, while Robinson’s keeps its perfect structure throughout, mirroring the poem’s statement of the perfection of Richard Cory. While there is a lot of imagery and symbolism in Papa’s Waltz, the poem Richard Cory is a symbol in itself, almost a painting in words, representing everything we dream about and everyone we envy. We hear description of things like he was â€Å"imperially slim†, or he â€Å"glittered when he walked†. Robinson uses words that hint of royalty: crown, king and imperially, but contrasts these with the meagerness of saying that â€Å"we† (the narrator’s group) â€Å"went without the meat, and cursed the bread†. Roethke is a bit more subtle with his poem, first allowing us to peek in at the scene, watching the boy and his drunken father stomp about. We know that the household is not rich, and that the father is a manual laborer, or maybe a farmer, from the dirt caked rough hands. The language is plain and driect, using words like â€Å"romped† and â€Å"scraped† while the language in Richard Cory is quite formal, increasing the mood of quiet admiration which bordered upon envy, and increasing the power of the simply stated ending. We suspect that the father in Roethkes poem is, at least a little, abusive. However, there is also a certain relationship shown between the

Globalisation on the Indian Economy

Globalisation on the Indian Economy Introduction Recent events on the financial markets show how interdependent the world is. Common value should not be forbidden but what about common losses. Who should be responsible for them? Many blame globalisation. But what is globalisation and does the world have any other alternatives to develop? Should we return to the strategies of the past? Or should we continue to live in an age of essential economic revolution? The term globalisation generates constant debates and controversies. But most of those who talk about globalisation are not even aware of its fundamentals. Globalisation is the one specific modality of international integration. Technology has definitely changed the way we live and also the ways in which the business is done. The countries by means of internet connection and enthusiastic workers can have access to unlimited jobs and industries. Lets imagine a picture of a world where all limitations are disappearing. A world where there are no boundaries and where competition can come from anywhere. Thats the world where our future lies. To make this world a healthier place globalisation is going to play a very important role. There are some people in developed world who believe that we must try to turn our back on this novel rapidly changing and integrated world. They also think that the chance to preserve ones living standard is to make a fortress around ones country, stop trading with other countries and depend only on own industries. But at present it is impossible to turn back the waves of globalisation but in doing so we can actually make ourselves worst off. So in my opinion, instead of fearing the future we should embrace it. Globalisation and Structure of Indian Economy Globalisation has been expressed beautifully through a poem by Canadian economist Gerald Helleiner- The poor complain, they always do, but that is just idle chatter. Our system (globalisation) brings reward to all, at least to all who matter. Broadly speaking the term globalisation is an economic process. Even though it is modeled as a way of bringing the world together, globalisation is all about the business community breaking down the remaining barriers to the free flow of its capital around the world. It fundamentally means opening up of any country economy system and its integration among the other economies of the world. It involves liberalism and implementation of economic liberalization policies and reforms to promote the progression of private sector. The word globalisation itself means something new is happening to the world. The world is becoming a Flat and experiencing global practices, values and technologies that are shaping people lives. For India, there are ample confusions about the costs and benefits of globalisation. Data Source Projection: VMW Analytic Services Figure 1: Indian Economy since its Independence at Constant Prices (Projected up to FY 2012)Indias population has already crossed the billion mark; this fact is easy to read but much more difficult to absorb one thousand million people, each of whom sees the world in a slightly or radically different way from the other. Since Indian independence in 1947, the economy of India has increased almost exponentially (Refer Fig. 1). From early 1990s, different governments have adopted inward oriented development strategies i.e. the state encouraging an economy through self sufficiency and a dominant role in the economy via state planning. Forces of demand and supply were not allowed to play a key role in resource allocation. After 1991 balance-of-payments crisis, where foreign currency reserves fell to $1 billion inflation went high to 17%, India laid numbers of stabilization-cum-structural adjustment measures with widespread effects. The main aim was to remerge the Indian economy with the world economy by reducing barriers to trade and investment, and deregulation of a highly bureaucratized economy. The Foreign Direct Investment was also encouraged to reduce the countrys reliance on debt-creating capital inflows, simultaneously renovating Indias ancient technologies and advancing easily into global markets. Figure 2: India GDP growth from 1991 2007Regardless of the unfinished reform agenda, Indias GDP growth (Refer Fig. 2) has increased >9% over the past 3 years, by an average of 5.8% annually during the period 1991-2004. It contributes nearly 2% to world GDP and around 1% to world exports of goods and services (Source: World Development Indicators). Consistent with excellent growth, per capita incomes were doubled from 1990 to 2007 and poverty dropped from 46% in 1986 to 36% in 2000. However, still poverty remains a grave problem. Recently several economists and lobbyists have compared Indian economy with that of Chinese economy but Indias progress path has been significantly different from Chinas. Indeed, it has been also very different from that followed earlier by Japan, Korea and the other Asian giants. Firstly, the recent economic rise in India is largely due to services rather than manufacturing sector. India has became a global player in several services such as IT and business process outsourcing, while its manufacturing sector keep suffering from low productivity. Secondly, the majority of Indias population still relies on agriculture for a living as compared with Asian countries and thirdly, India tried to remain closed to trade in comparison to other developing and emerging countries. Even FDI inflows have also ten folded in last two decades. It has been tripled since 2005 and in 2007 it was around $23 billion (Data Source: Government of India, Ministry of Finance, Economic survey). But India is not yet as present in the Central and Eastern Europe markets as China is. Its share in the European market was 0.7% (2006), almost unchanged from 1990s. However, Chinas share in these markets has increased sharply from 1.3% in 1992 to 5.7% in 2006 (Data Source: OECD). Indian economy has the potential and should make the efforts to move from good growth to rapid constant growth. The problem in India lies in the spurring productivity which is badly affected by the low education and poor health system and also by the petite openness of the Indian economy. Indias weak infrastructure has hurt the booming potential of Indian production. From undependable energy, lacking water supply to bad roads and train conditions, infrastructure shortages have created high business costs across the sectors (Source : OECD, 2007c). Benefits and Costs of Globalisation on Indian Economy Globalisation has been a classical process with ups and downs. Its growth has been largely led by the technological forces in the fields of transport and communication. The flow of trade has been frequent and there are lesser barriers for the people across the geographical boundaries. There are less tax barriers and fewer limitations on fund flows. India is no exception to globalisation. In year 1991, when India was neck-deep in financial deficit, very high inflation (around 17%), balance of payments crisis and low industrial production, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) bailed India out through significant loans with assistant Structural Adjustment Program (SAP). This led to Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation. Indian Economy has undergone many important reforms in the 1990s. The LPG model has helped the Indian economy to grow rapidly and become internationally competitive. From early 1991, a new epoch has dawned for India and its huge population. This formidable phase of economic evolution has had a wonderful impact on the overall Indias economic development. All major sectors of the economy have improved dramatically and its effects over the last decade can hardly be ignored. Moreover, it has marked the dawn of the real integration of Indias economy into the Worlds economy. Globalisation has created employment bought large investments to India. Indian economy has been on the rise at good rates for the past few years many new prospects have opened up for India. It has highly benefited from economies of scale. The change in global barriers has permitted the companies to profit from the largest cheapest labor market, raw material and technology. Foreign businesses have significantly augmented their investments in Indian industries. The salaries of industrial labor have improved largely; therefore, the lock outs and strikes have declined sharply as labor class is happy. Now days business market has no boundaries and companies can promote their products globally. This has helped the Indian companies to lay hand on global technologies which has certainly increased our living qualities standards. Indian Entrepreneurs has become more aware about their competitors, recent trends and quality of products. The competition between the global companies can be seen in the improve quality of the brands and services to the customer. Presently, we can talk about the story of two Indias: It has the best of times; it has the worst of times. There is bright prosperity, there is high poverty. We have stunning 5 star hotels and near by these big hotels homes without electricity. The following phrase is perfect to describe the situation in India Globalisation gave us everything, globalisation gave us nothing. Although Rajiv Gandhi government, the sixth prime minister of India, introduced some economic reforms between 1985 -1989 but it was the Narasimha Rao government, ninth prime minister of India from 1991-1996, that gave a exact shape and started the novel economic reforms in India. Below are the highlights of some extreme benefits of globalisation on Indian Economy: Figure 3: The sector wise contribution to Indian GDP (Source: MOSPI Statistics (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation)) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate: The rate of increase of Indias real GDP was low during 1980-90 (5.6%) to 1993-2001 (7%). But in the last few years, the GDP annual growth rate in India has been remarkable i.e. 7.5% (2003-2004), 8.5% (2004-2005), 9% (2005-2006) and 9.2% (2006-2007). Present P.M. Dr. Manmohan Singh is certain to have a 10% increase in the GDP for 11th five year plan (2007 2012). In 2006-2007, the sectors contributing highest in GDP growth are Industry sector (26%); Service sector (55%) and Agriculture sector (19%) (Ref Fig. 3). The increase in GDP has in fact helped to increase the foreign exchange reserves from $39 billion (2000-01), $107 billion (2003-04), $145 billion (2005-06), $200 billion (2007-2008) to around $268 billion on 1st February 2011 (Source: IMF). Figure 4: An overview of Indias top cities which contributed heavily in FDI equity inflows. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Since early 2003, Indias FDI promotion board is officially run by government i.e. Ministries of Economic and Finance. Since then there have been drastic reforms in the rules and regulations of FDI in India. The FDI is now acknowledged as a key driver of development in the country. India is ranked 2nd in international FDI in year 2010 behind 1st ranked China and ahead of Brazil Russia and it will continue to be in the top 5 destinations to draw global investors during 2010-12 (Source: World Investment Prospects Survey 2009-2012 by UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)). India attracted cumulative FDI equity inflows of $122.68 billion from mid 2000 to end 2010, according to the data released by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). In October 2010, the FDI inflows were $1,392 million. The figure 4 shows Indias top cities and sectors which attracted the highest FDI inflows in Jan 2008 (Source: DIPP India). The main attractive sectors have been information technology, telecom, services, healthcare and telecommunications. India controls almost 45% of the global outsourcing market with income more than $50 billion. Foreign shareholders are getting good returns in India. The possibility for FDI in India is endless. Foreign investors are offered fair packages of fiscal incentives for exports and industrial investments. Imports and Exports: The general idea of the independence movement in India (year 1940s), led by great M. Gandhi, was based on the dislike for anything foreign, especially the one originating from Britain. The imported goods were burnt on regular basis and everyone believed that everything can be produced home. The belief was that we can be self reliant and self dependent and import of goods can bring the foreign dominance. In 2009, 7 decades later India is ranked 15th in world in terms of import volume and 22nd in the terms of export volume. In 2004 2005 our imports were $107 billion (Ref Table 1), a record increase of around 36% as compared to $79 billion in 2003 2004. The exports also jumped by 24% recording $79 billion as compared to $63 billion the previous fiscal. The oil imports increased by 19% and the import bill zoomed from $21 billion to $29 billion in two fiscal years. Other imports excluding oil were $77 billion in 2004 2005 that is 34% higher than $58 billion in 2003 2004. Poverty: Though globalisation has drastically improved our living standards but still it doesnt have the significant effect in improving the poverty. The 2005 World Bank estimation was that 41% of Indian population live below the international poverty line of $1.25 a day. The figure 5 shows the Indian population living below poverty line from 1973-2000. We can see that since 1973 -1974 (54.9%), Indian population living below the poverty line has improved a lot (26.1% in 1999-2000). Nevertheless, Indian government is still making lots of efforts to remove poverty in rural areas. It is trying to provide more facilities to the poorer. India government Figure 5: Indian population below poverty line. (Source: Planning Commission of India) has still a long way to go to improve the poverty situation of India. Other Benefits: Information Technology (IT) and outsourcing has been given a special status in the growth of Indian economy. The reason may be that the government desires to present India as a technologically advanced nation and to achieve this they must encourage the IT sector. The term special status means that the sector and global / local investors will get many special advantages from the government. Furthermore, the impact of the global economies has influenced the Indian education system over the last few years. Improved educational institutions, high technology colleges, developed schools are the fruits of globalisation. The colleges have implemented the urbanized teaching technologies so that students can be aware of the latest developments. India is in the 4th position in respect to market capitalization with $894 billion after the US ($17,000 billion), Japan ($4800 billion) and China ($1000billion). India will soon cross the trillion $ mark. Even though we have not so far reached the end of history but globalisation has sure took us closer to the end of geography. The globalisation has not always been fair. The cash flow over the last two decades has been very unsymmetrical. For $1 of aid money to poor countries, the rich countries get $10. It has deepened the poverty and inequality. It has affected both the social and political stability among and within states. Capital rights are given more advantages over the labor rights. The trade and finance rule are unfair and this has had mixed effects on rich and poor countries. In India, the main casualties of globalisation are the poverty and the agriculture sector. Here are some costs which India paid because of globalisation: Agriculture Sector: Agriculture has always been the strength of the Indian economy. It plays crucial part by not only in providing food to people, but also supplying of raw material to industries and to export trade. 60% of the Indian population works in agriculture sector and however its contribution in GDP is only 20.6%. India agricultural growth continued to drop down from 4.70% in 1991 to 1% in 2003 (Source: agricoop.nic.in/Agristatistics). The seeds are most important component for farmers. Before globalisation, Indian farmers got seeds from state government institutions. The states were producing their own seeds and they were maintaining the good quality and lower prices for seeds. Even the private seed quality was very good as the seed market was well regulated. But with globalisation, the seed market has been opened to global agribusinesses and more than half of the government processing units have been closed in 2003 due to IMF deregulation guidelines. This had hit the farme rs very badly as due to open market the prices have raised sharply and bad quality seed has made its way to market. Moreover with the devaluation of Indian currency rupee in 1991, more and more farmers were attracted towards export and hence they started producing much more of cash crops like tobacco than traditional crops. Indian farmers are offered zero subsidiaries and very less help from government. The Indian government has taken no significant measures to negotiate with foreign companies to set up technologies for the farmers assistance. All these factors have led to decrease in the income of the farmers and have increased the rural debts. In 2000, the farmer suicides were registered to 12% of total suicides in the country. Industry: The globalisation has raised a high competition between the foreign companies and domestic companies. As the foreign products being better, people prefer to buy them instead of Indian ones. This has reduced significantly the amount of profit for Indian companies. The new technology has reduced the requirement of labor and thus resulted in job losses. No doubt that the effects have been both positive as well as negative but the Indian government should make such economic policies related to industries that are beneficial and not harmful. Human trafficking and increase in diseases like HIV are also the very high cost paid for globalisation. And the pity is that womens and childrens are among the most exposed to it. Conclusions Globalisation has provided India the opportunity to grow substantially. Though through globalisation all the economies are linked together and crisis in one have drastic effect on the others and recent events have confirmed so. Though India sailed through the crisis without being too affected due to its balanced and resilient macro structures but it has surely given India a wake up call to focus on the challenges and opportunities to shape its developing economy. Nevertheless, globalisation has definitely helped India to become a better economy, improve and unleash it potential. It has the ability and skills to adapt and change according to the flow of global market. In my opinion, for the betterment and the bright future of India it is imperative that India should go out and face this globalising world. I am certain that India of 2025 will be a different place. It will be much more leading force in the world economy, than it was 25 years ago or even at the start of the 21st century.

Government and Politics - Promoting Global and Regional Security in the Post-Cold War World :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Essay is 1507 Words  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The post-cold War world presents an interesting paradox. Conflicts are becoming increasingly local while the world is becoming increasingly interconnected: although conflicts are on a smaller scale, their ramifications affect all nations. In addition, better technology means that the American public is better informed and more eager to intervene, yet at the same time, foreign aid is being drastically cut. The United States does not have the resources to intervene in every conflict or to solve all the problems in the conflicts it does intervene in. Therefore, the U.S. must set priorities, finding a balance between its national security interests and other concerns. In two cases, the drug-fueled civil war of Colombia and the withdrawal of North Korea from the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the U.S. correctly intervened to promote regional and global security. However, in both cases, the U.S. mistakenly limited the effects of its efforts by put ting humanitarian concerns before security.    Prioritizing foreign policy objectives can be difficult because there are many to choose from. Many believe that the U.S. should act as the world's policeman, seek to stop human rights abuses, provide humanitarian aid, or work to build democracies. While these are certainly admirable goals, the truth is that the U.S. can often do little good, and sometimes aggravates the problem with intervention.1 The U.S. should instead work to promote both global and regional security. In the long run, this is the only way to achieve the goals mentioned above. It is the best way to promote U.S. interests. Although other domestic concerns, such as building democracies or promoting human rights, should be considered in every situation (and are often integral to the problem), when these concerns conflict with the promotion of global or regional security promoting security must come first. The U.S. must be careful not to jeopardize its attempts to promote global and regional security because of differ ing domestic concerns.    There is much policy overlap between pursuing regional and global security. This makes sense; in order for there to be a stabilized world, there must be stability at all levels, and regional instability can quickly lead to global instability in the increasingly globalized world.2 The overlap can be most clearly seen in the objectives behind U.S. intervention in Colombia and North Korea, the fight against drugs and the fight to stop nuclear proliferation, respectively. No one doubts that drugs have negative effects on society, and when one country, such as Colombia, produces eighty percent of the world's cocaine, drugs are very destabilizing globally.

Reflective Review of Youth Work Practice

My decision to study E131 Introduction to Working with Young people was based on my desire to cement my experiential learning by developing my knowledge of theoretical concepts through academic study. I have worked with young people for seven years, and the majority of my training thus far has been practice based. My current role is as a group worker in a therapeutic community for children and young people. The therapeutic community is a residential provision with a specialist education and therapy centre for children and young people with attachment disruption and trauma leading to social and behavioural difficulties.We also work with children displaying sexualised and self-harming behaviours. The therapeutic milieu which exists within the community is underpinned by an attachment focussed approach and provides stability for chaotic behaviour and a disregulated emotional state. The therapeutic provision is underpinned by an integrated team approach which includes Child Psychotherapy , Clinical and Forensic Psychology, Educational Psychology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Social Work and Counselling.Prior to beginning Open University’s E131 Introduction to Working with Young People, and due to the highly specialised nature of the work I do, I held the belief that I had little to learn relating to youth work. The most significant, and surprising, realisation I experienced whist working through the module was that I will never and can never know everything there is to know about youth work. In fact, the very nature of my role within the Therapeutic Community may have narrowed my view of young people to only the most damaged individuals, which in turn has narrowed my outlook on the issues that young people are faced with today.A young person commented ‘†¦you can’t talk about â€Å"understanding young people† – all young people are different, so you would have to know different things to understand them all’ (The Open University, 2005, Study Topic 3, pg 5). This statement impacted me in a way that I didn’t expect. Not only in my working life, but also in my view of young people in general. When working with the most damaged children in society the danger is that all young people become viewed as potentially violent, harmful and not to be trusted.This view is contradictory to the very nature of youth work as set out in the National Youth agency’s Ethical Principles, which states ‘youth workers have a commitment to treat young people with respect, valuing each individual and avoiding negative discrimination’ (Harrison and Wise, 2005, pg 20). Although I do not feel my practice is discriminatory, my somewhat insular views on young people, and preoccupation with high risk behaviour in my working life, may have negatively influenced my ability to ‘value the individual’.This is an area that, due to my learning throughout the module, I have made a concerted effort to address. I have renewed my efforts to look past the negative behaviour and the diagnoses to view the young people I work with as individuals who are not defined by their circumstances. This has had a positive impact on my working practice as I continue to reflect on ways in which I can be more open to the individual needs of the young people with whom I work. The learning throughout the module has also given me the opportunity to come to terms with and challenge another view I was unaware I held.I had given little consideration to the view I held on youth work in general other than my belief that the work I do is not technically ‘youth work’ but rather more specialised and important. This is a view I now consider to be arrogant and unhelpful. Howard Williamson states that the ‘public perception of youth work is still largely locked into ideas about youth clubs and table tennis and pool’ (Williamson, 2005, pg 70), and prior to beginning this module I mus t admit that I held a similar misconception.However, Williamson’s account of his own experiences of youth work and the positive impact it has on the lives of young people has altered my perception. Although this has not directly impacted on my working practice, it has enabled me to view my role as a group and individual worker within the wider context of youth work, and realise the importance of broadening the experiences of the young people with whom I work, through valuing the opportunities on offer within the wider community.The shift in my view of youth work has also enabled me to consider the challenges that exist in my own work setting. One of the fundamental principles of youth work is the ‘voluntary principal’ (Jeffs, cited in The Open University, 2005, Study Topic 12, pg 5). This is described as ‘the kind of work where young people can choose not to take part†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (The Open University, 2005, Study Topic 1, pg 5). Within the setting of a t herapeutic community, and specifically within the context of my role as group worker, I find it difficult to describe the opportunities on offer for the young people as voluntary.For example, the therapeutic, social and educational workshop programme, which young people who are resident in the therapeutic community have access to during the school holidays, is considered to be voluntary, although it is incentivised through access to days out and rewards for attendance. However, some of the young people resident within the community may consider that their placements are not voluntary, making it difficult to consider any of the interventions on offer as such.Although I accept that youth work in its truest form should be voluntary, it has been difficult for me to accept that the work that takes place with the young people within the Therapeutic Community is any less valuable. The young people with whom I work are the most damaged in the country and would not be able to access the type of support they need without what Mark Smith calls coercive forms of participation (Smith, cited in The Open University, 2005, Study Topic 2, pg 31). Should we let them choose to avoid forming relationships and realising their potential forever simply to retain a puritanical view of what youth work is supposed to be?Or should we, as adults, do everything in our power to prevent these young people, who society has already failed, become casualties of that failure? Mark Smith also introduced the idea that targeting ‘at risk’ young people for focussed work as a negative progression in terms of youth work in its purest form. Smith feels that ‘the identification of specific target groups has the potential to lead to a narrowing of the diversity of young people worked with’ (2003, cited in The Open University, 2005, Study Topic 2, pg 30).Although I agree with Smiths statement, I am also aware of the funding limitations which exist, and am a strong believer that the most vulnerable or ‘at risk’ young people in society are a priority in terms of accessing the support they need. Despite my desire to defend the work I do, and its less than voluntary nature, my practice has been positively impacted by reflecting on the reason why the ‘voluntary principal’ is so highly regarded in relation to youth work.Within the process of planning the therapeutic, social and education groups within our group work programme, I have realised the important of extensive consultation with the young people to ensure the topics covered are relevant to them; something they are interested in and value, rather than what I feel they need or want. In this regard, I have been able to ensure that group participation is due to values that are closer to the concept outlined by the ‘voluntary principal’ than the idea of coercive participation.The impact of my shift in perspective on the young people within the therapeutic community is ye t to be evidenced, but the planning process for the groups has been much more focussed. Bruce Tuckman (cited in the Open University, 2005, Study Topic 6) has identified the five stages in a group’s life, his concept names the stages as Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing and Morning. As a group worker this concept underpins my practice in that my observations of the group and its progress are linked to identifying the stage in which the group is functioning and adapting my role as facilitator accordingly.Due to the chaotic nature of the client group within the therapeutic community the group regularly revisits the Storming stage of group development. In Study Topic 6, (The Open University, 2005, pg 27) this stage has been identified as a time when ‘there may be overt or covert antagonism towards the group worker’. When reflecting on my role as group facilitator, the reaffirmation of the pressures placed on me during this stage has been helpful. I have been rem inded about the importance of regular reflection in relation to the emotive aspect of group work in order to ensure the experience is safe and effective for the young people involved.In addition, the reflections of Guy Butler-Madden a Youth Support Worker at Lowbridge Youth Centre (Audio theme 6), in relation to the ‘storming’ stage of the DofE groups, impacted my learning through developing a shared understanding of some of the more challenging aspects of group work with others who work in a similar field. The final area of the module which has impacted on my learning is the importance of reflection. Study Topic 10 introduced the work of Donald Schon (1996) who advocated the ‘reflective practitioner approach to professional decision making’ (cited in the Open University, 2005, Study Topic 10, pg 6).Schon emphasises the importance of reflection for professional development and problem solving, rather than relying on ‘off the peg solutions’. Thi s concept has significantly impacted my approach to the work I do, in as much as I have introduced a weekly reflective space with my colleagues in order to consider decision making and problem solving in a formal setting. The act of practicing the art of reflection in a formal setting should impact my learning in that reflection will become second nature, thus improving my practice.In conclusion, the most significant impact my learning from the module has had on what I have already learned in my work with young people, has been identifying and challenging some of my preconceptions. In particular I feel that studying E131 has helped me gain a better understanding youth work in its purest form, its purpose and its values; and has allowed me to view youth work as a valuable tool in aiding young people through their transition into adulthood. My understanding of group process has been cemented and I have developed an insight into the challenges faced by other organisations in relation t o group dynamics.Finally, I have learned the value of effective reflection, and how professional development through using my knowledge as a fluid tool to enable effective decision making, rather than having a ridged view of the way an issue should be approached, can lead to more positive outcomes. All of these areas have impacted on what I have already learned from working with young people by allowing me to view my role within the wider context of youth work. My outlook has shifted insomuch as I now feel part of a wider agenda which seeks to enable young people to transition successfully and positively into adulthood.

The Consequences of the Norman Conquest

The Consequences of the Norman Conquest William of Normandy’s success in the Norman Conquest of 1066, when he seized the crown from Harold II, used to be credited with bringing in a host of new legal, political and social changes to England, effectively marking 1066 as the start of a new age in English history. Historians now believe the reality is more nuanced, with more inherited from the Anglo-Saxons, and more developed as a reaction to what was happening in England, rather than the Normans simply recreating Normandy in their new land. Nevertheless, the Norman Conquest still bought many changes. The following is a list of the major effects. Anglo-Saxon elites, the largest landholders in England, were replaced by Franco-Normans. Those Anglo-Saxons nobles who had survived the battles of 1066 had the chance to serve William and retain power and land, but many rebelled over contentious issues, and soon William had turned away from compromise to importing loyal men from the continent. By William’s death, the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy was all but replaced. In the Domesday book of 1086, there are only four large English landowners. However, there may only have been around 25,000 Franco-Normans out of a population of two million when William died. There was not a massive importation of a new Norman population, just the people at the top.Much of the upper reaches of church government was replaced. By 1087, eleven of fifteen bishops were Norman, and only one of the other four was English. The church had power over people and land, and now William had power over them.Castles: Anglo-Saxons did not, in general, build castles, a nd the Normans started a huge building program in order to help secure their power. The most common early type was wooden, but stone followed. The castle building habits of the Normans has left a mark on England still visible to the eye (and the tourist industry is thankful for it.) The importance of receiving land from a lord in return for loyalty and service grew enormously under the Normans, who created a system of land tenure unmatched in Europe. Quite how homogenous this system was (probably not very), and whether it can be called feudal (probably not) are still being discussed. Before the conquest, Anglo-Saxons owed an amount of service based on regularized units of land holding; afterward, they owed service based entirely on the settlement they had achieved with their overlord or the king.The idea that a person held two types of land – his ‘patrimony’ / family land which he had inherited, and his extended lands which he had conquered – and the idea that these lands could go to different heirs, came into England with the Normans. Familial relationships, of heirs to parents, changed as a result.The links between Scandinavia and England were deeply severed. Instead, England was brought closer to events in France and this region of the continent, leading to the Angevin Empire and then the Hundred Years War. Before 1066 England had seemed destined to stay in the orbit of Scandinavian, whose conquerors had taken hold of large chunks of the British Isles. After 1066 England looked south. Increased use of writing in government. While the Anglo-Saxons had written some things down, Anglo-Norman government vastly increased it.After 1070, Latin replaced English as the language of government.The power of the earls was reduced after Anglo-Saxon rebellions. Earls now held less land, with correspondingly reduced wealth and influence.Royal forests, with their own laws, were created.Higher taxes: most monarchs are criticized for heavy taxes, and William I was no exception. But he had to raise funds for the occupation and pacification of England.A new court, known as the Lords, honourial or seigniorial, was created. They were held, as the name suggests, by lords for their tenants, and have been called a key part of the â€Å"feudal† system.Murdrum fines: if a Norman was killed, and the killer not identified, the entire English community could be fined. That this law was needed perhaps reflects on the problems faced by the Norman raiders.Trial by battle was introduced.Ther e was a large decline in the numbers of free peasants, who were lower class workers who could quit their land in search of new landlords. Far more English land was given to continental monasteries, to hold as ‘alien priories’, then before the Norman Conquest. Indeed, more monasteries were founded in England.Continental architecture was imported en mass. Every major Anglo-Saxon cathedral or abbey, apart from Westminster, was rebuilt bigger and more fashionably. Parish churches were also widely rebuilt in stone.

How successful was Lord Liverpool in responding to radical challenge from 1812-1822 Essays

How successful was Lord Liverpool in responding to radical challenge from 1812-1822 Essays How successful was Lord Liverpool in responding to radical challenge from 1812-1822 Paper How successful was Lord Liverpool in responding to radical challenge from 1812-1822 Paper To look at how successful Lord Liverpool was in responding to radical challenge, you have to look at what were the radical challenges in this period, what was causing the unrest thought the country. Then you have to look at what Lord Liverpool did to resolve the unrest and stop the challenges. 1815-1820 was a time of unrest; however unrest was not generally revolutionary. Even if Liverpools actions were seen as repressive he had to nip revolution in the bud. For example with the spa fields Meetings. This was a series of mass meetings (mainly in London) and it was aimed to inspire people and to intimidate the authorities. As a result, parliament sanctioned the suspension of Habeas Corpus and passed A Seditious Meeting Act, which meant that people could be held without evidence or a trial for as long as the government needed and it meant that no groups larger than 50 people could gather or have a meeting and talk about politics or revolution. However some critics say that this does not prove he was successful because the suspension of Habeas Corpus only lasted a couple of years. This is just one way in which the government responded to radical challenges during this period. Some historians say that this was very successful and radical challenge drooped as a result, however some say that this forced these radical groups underground and just inspired more people. The government had to nip revolution in the bud because at the time the government had to many weaknesses that revolutionary groups could take advantage of like the fact that Britain was in national debt had risen by  £64 million from 1739 to 1816, the government had to rely on yeomanry which was a small armed forced and if a riot got out of control then they would not be able to stop them and most importantly Liverpool did not have the benefit of hindsight. He did not know that there wasnt going to be a revolution so he had to respond quickly and decisively to stop radical challenges/challenges growing. Unrest in the country was due to many reasons such as: the Corn Laws, the abolition of income ta x, war time contracts had ended and the demobilisation meant that there was high unemployment. Some historians say that Lord Liverpool did not address unrest, but he made it worse by introducing silly little policies like the Corn Laws. The Corn Law guaranteed protection for wheat prices for the agricultural or landowner interest from foreign imports of grain. The concept was not new. A similar law had been introduced in 1804 but to guarantee 80 shillings a quarter ( £4. 00) per quarter tonne or  £16 per tonne for producers before foreign grain was permitted to enter the British market seemed to government critics a little excessive. The whole point of the bill, as far as the government was concerned, was to guarantee landowners profits at a level to which they had become accustomed during the war. Most people saw it as apiece of class legislation in that it saved the landowners from cheaper foreign grain, established prices and made it more expensive for the consumer. This did not help the situation at all, in actual fact this just manifested more unrest thought the country and revolutionary groups took advantage of this. It is fair to say that the country was at a time of unrest; however some say that the government did not do anything constructive but just made the situation worse. the corn laws proves this but also the abolition of income tax in 1816 was a measure which benefited the rich but, because it led to a large increase in indirect taxes on tea, sugar, tobacco, beer and salt, which was harmful to the poor. War time contracts had ended and farmers and manufactures found themselves over producing because there was not enough demand for products. This meant that people had to be fired and business went into liquidation. With the demobilisation there was huge unemployment and this did not help as more and more people got tired of not having money and people were starting to starve. With all of these reasons causing unrest thought the country people stated to want change within the government. The government saw this as a problem and thought that there was going to be a revolution so their actions were to nip revolution in the bud. They felt they had to do whatever necessary to stop revolution. The historians that say the country was close to a revolution in the period 1815-1822 tend to emphasise the sheer volume of radical activity during this period. However those historians say that they threat of revolution was just a huge exaggeration point to the lack of coordination between the individual instances of protest and the states continued ability to respond decisively to it. Most historians say that the popular protest which characterised the immediate post-war periods was essentially traditional a not political but were related to the economic distress at the time. Most historians agree that the activity was economically motivated. During the period from 1816-1821 there was a series of mass meetings which were organise by radical groups. These were called the Spa Field Meetings. Most historians agree that the meetings were aimed at both inspiring the public and intimidating the authorities. The Spenceans were the organiser of the first few meetings. The Spenceans supported revolution but it is not clear as to whether plans were being made for revolution at the time of the Spa Fields Meetings. The first meeting saw a massive 20,000 people attend and was peaceful, however there were a few who after walked through Westminster and started smashing windows at high prices. In the second meeting around 200 people marched towards the tower of London, looting a gun shop on the way. The March of the Blanketeers was a march organised by William Benbow in March 1817. The marchers aims were to present a petition to the Prince Regent, asking him to relieve distress in the northern textile districts. Around 4,500 Blanketeers gathered in Manchester to protest in London. The Peterloo Massacre was when a crowd of around 60,000 gathered at St Peters Field on 16 August 1819 to demonstrate. Magistrates sent in the Manchester yeomanry at arrest the leader Hunt just after the meeting had begun. Because of the amount of people the yeomanry found it very hard to get to Hunt so the magistrates called in the regular forces to hep the engulfed yeomanry and in the panic a stampede followed and 11 people were killed and 400-600 were injured. All of these incidences were seen as a starting point for a revolution. We are now going to look at what the government did in response to these actions. It is commonly alleged that Liverpools government pursued repressive policies between 1815 and 1820. It acted in an unnecessarily harsh manner in crushing popular protest by, for example, suspending Habeas Corpus, passing the Seditious Meetings Act and breaking up the march of the Blanketeers in 1817, massacring those at Peterloo and passing the Six Acts in 1819. Much disorder was actually provoked by the government either indirectly through policies which placed intolerable burdens upon the poor or directly through the practice of employing agents provocateurs who encouraged lawbreaking so that they could collect a reward by informing on the law breakers. Following the Spa Fields meetings in December 1816, the government reacted by suspending Habeas Corpus. This meant that the government could hold someone suspected of radical or anti-government behaviour without trial for an indefinite period. Only 44 were arrested on suspicion of treason, of which 37 were detained when Habeas Corpus was partially suspended in February 1817. One of these was released soon after, whilst a second was discharged on compassionate grounds and a third died in custody. The remaining 34 had all been released by the time Habeas Corpus was fully restored in January 1818. As Norman Gash said It was not exactly a reign of terror. The government did have good right to suspend Habeas Corpus and introduce the Seditious Meetings Act because at the first Spa Fields Meeting Act there were over 20,000 people who attended and went rioting around London. On the second meeting 200 people marched to the Tower of London and Looted a gun shop on the way. The government saw this as a wake up call and had to introduce these policies or a revolution would take place they had to nip revolution in the bud. As a direct result of the Seditious Meeting Act, in the same month there where large scale gatherings for political purposes were banned. A small group of disorganised workers planned a march from St Peters field in Manchester to London to present their grievances to the Prince Regent in person. The protest was mainly peaceful and carried out in a legal fashioned in defiance of the government legislation. One marcher was killed in a heavy handed and needless display of brutality by the authorities in Stockport Cheshire. Local Magistrates declared that the initial gathering was seditious and dispersed it. This just created more unrest and most people saw this as going to far, however other historians say that he had to nip revolution in the bud. How was Lord Liverpool to know that there was not gong to revolution? Lord Liverpool saw a large group of people marching at a time of unrest this was the only action he could take because he could not afford to do nothing. The Peterloo Massacre has been called a symbol of repression by some historians, however some people have said that this was not a decision made by Lord Liverpool but by magistrates and they did not set our to stop the demonstration but just to get Hunt. Some historians say that the radical challenges in this period were such a threat that the government needed to take immediate action to deal with the threat and could not take any chances so repressive measures needed to be taken to nip revolution in the bud. However some historians say that these radical groups were regionally divided, had no weaponry and had poor organisation and end goals to be a serious threat. Looking at how successful Lord Liverpool was in dealing to radical challenges you have to remember how pitifully small Liverpools resources were for keeping the peace. Lacking a sizeable standing army or an effective police force, Liverpools government was obliged to rely upon spies and informers. The government at the time did not have any really power so they had to nip revolution in the bud. There was huge unrest thought the country due to various reasons and this led to radical protests. All of the protests were seen by the government as a starting point for a revolution and so the government had to deal with them through repressive policies. Liverpool had to stamp any possible radical challenges and he did this successfully.

The Current Ukraine Situation and IR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Current Ukraine Situation and IR - Essay Example This paper bases on the current situation in Ukraine to show that power and self-interest are characteristic of International Relations today. The current situation in Ukraine shows the pursuit of Russia of its unification with Crimea. Russia takes advantage of its powerful nature to continue breaching set laws and treaties and further the Ukrainian conflict. In the Budapest Memorandum, Ukraine gave up its nuclear weapons in part, as it was assured of the five permanent member states of the UN Security Council, including Russia, through diplomatic notes and memorandum. The ongoing Ukrainian conflict therefore, displays cynicism on the side of Russia and other permanent members of the UN Security Council. Russia and other four permanent members of the UN Security Council, being powerful, continue to witness breaching of the Budapest Memorandum, and this is unfair to the currently less powerful Ukraine. This paper has analyzed how the aspects of power and self-interest manifest in current international relations, basing on the Ukrainian conflict. Russia has been seen to capitalize on its higher power status to control the less powerful Ukraine. On the other hand, both Russia and Ukraine exhibit self-interest in the different ways they have acted in this conflict. Similarly, the UN and the US are considered to have greater authority to resolve various problems in international relations. Nevertheless, basing on the Ukrainian conflict, it is evident that power and self-interest major characteristics of IR.

Empirical study about the causes and social and health related impact Research Proposal

Empirical study about the causes and social and health related impact of smoking habits of Individual - Research Proposal Example This essay stresses that in order to explore the research objectives and achieving the primary aim of the research work, mixed research methodology will be taken into account. In this mixed methodology, both quantitative and qualitative research approach will be undertaken. In this regard, two prime methods of data collection, namely secondary data collection method, and primary data collection method will be taken into consideration. In the research work, the secondary data will be collected with the help of literature review method. In this method, different crucial literatures such as, books, journal article, previous research papers and online articles will be taken into account for the purpose of reviewing and retrieving information. Different books, journal articles, and online articles have been studied for the purpose of exploring some crucial information regarding smoking and its causes as well as impacts. Thsi paper makes a conclusion that in addition to this primary data related with the research work will be collected with the help of survey through questionnaire methods. In this method, an intensive field survey will be conducted with 50 randomly selected smokers. In the survey, questionnaires will be distributed among participants, and on the basis of responses provided by them, their attitude and perception regarding smoking and its effects will be analyzed.

Paper on Drug Courts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper on Drug Courts - Essay Example However, effectiveness of this decision in fighting the growing crime rates left much to be desired. Prison overcrowding and abnormal growth of expenditures needed to enforce the new legislation were the most noticeable outcomes of the attempts to fight drug crimes within the framework of existing criminal system (USDJ, 1995). Drug courts were taken up as an alternative to resolve the problem of growing drug-related crime rates and decrease the expenditures to acceptable level. Although opinions on what constitutes a drug court may vary, the most typical definition of drug courts describes them as: "Courts specifically designated to administer cases referred for judicially supervised drug treatment and rehabilitation within a jurisdiction or court-enforced drug treatment program." (Inciardi, 1996: 25). The history of drug courts goes back to 1989 when the first drug court was established in the Dade County (Miami, FL). Since those days, drug courts have established a substantial presence in the criminal court system of the U.S. While the criminal court systems is concerned with law enforcement based primarily upon penalties, drug courts represent the coordinated efforts of several institutions. The prosecution, defense bar, law enforcement, judiciary, probation, mental health, social and nursing institutions join together in the drug court to fight the cycle of drug-related crime and substance abuse. High effectiveness of drug courts in fighting this segment of crimes is due to a specific approach that differs from the one implemented by criminal courts. The U.S. drug courts do not stick to the same model. Some of them simply facilitate and foster the process of shuffling offenders through the traditional criminal justice system; others pay more attention to rehabilitation, treatment and long-term monitoring of individuals. The key elements that define efficiency of a drug court are partnership and intensive cooperation of multiple agencies and institutions, early actions to prevent re-offending, education, close monitoring of the offenders, consistent and on-going judicial involvement and effective assessment/evaluation procedures in place (DCSC, 1997). Drug courts featuring all of these components are the most effective and vice versa. Philosophy of the drug court system implies that appropriate treatment and education is more effective tool to fight drug-related crimes than penalties and punishment. Therefore, offenders whose cases are brought to the drug court undergo an intensive course of substance abuse and psychological treatment. Frequent drug testing and probation supervision coupled with close judicial monitoring carried out by a judge with deep knowledge of drug-related issues reinforces the treatment results. Besides, some drug courts utilize additional techniques - such as family counseling or job skill training - to make this reinforcement even more effective (Fox and Huddleston, 2003). Drug court is the best instrument within the criminal justice system to shorten the period between arrest of the offender and beginning of his treatment and ensure the appropriate structure to evaluate whether the treatment long enough to achieve the targeted outcomes or no. Effectiveness of dr

An integrated critique of kozols and dawkins Essay Example for Free

An integrated critique of kozols and dawkins Essay AN INTEGRATED CRITIQUE OF KOZOL’S AND DAWKIN INTRODUCTION Richard Dawkins was born on March 26, in 1941. He is an ethnologist, an evolutionarily biologists and a popular writer in science. He also holds the Simonyi Chair, which is designed to promote the understanding of science to public at Oxford University. The first time Dawkins come into the limelight and became popular was after writing his book ‘The Selfish Gene’ in 1976. This book introduced the term ‘meme’ and consequently helped discover memetics fields. It also made ‘gene-centered view of evolution’ popular. Around 1982, he made significant contributions toward evolution science. THE SELFISH GENE BY RICHARD DAWKINS Richard Dawkin’s ‘The selfish Gene’ was a very popular reading and to some extent controversial on evolution. The book elaborates and goes deeper to discuss more about the theory of William’s first ever book to write ‘Adaptation and Natural Selection’. The theory discussed on this book is principal to William’s book. Richard introduced, ‘Selfish Gene’ to provoke and express his views on gene’s evolution. This view states that evolution acts on genes and when we select some organisms or a population, this selection is normally based on the type of genes. According to his book, an organism must evolve since it is the only way of maximizing its ‘inclusive fitness’, which refers to the total number of the genes which are transmitted globally, rather than the genes passed on by a particular individual. Consequently, a population tends to learn towards ‘Evolutionarily Stable Strategy’. (Richard, 1990) This ‘selfish gene’ came up with the term ‘meme’. ‘Meme refers to a single unit of human’s culture evolution which is analogous to genes. It suggests that this is a ‘selfish’ replication of human genes, and it can affect the culture of human in a totally difference sense. There is no doubt that ‘memetics’ evoked a discussion of meme since he published his book. ‘Meme’ is cultural information units, which can be transferred from one mind to another. Examples of memes are tunes, clothes fashion, catch phrases, pot making or building arches. â€Å"Meme’ is properly defined in the theory of memetic, which is comprised of information on culture in a unit theory; how evolution of culture or diffusion is blocked, how it propagates form mind to mind and the way a gene propagates from one person or from an organism to an organism. Where memes are multiple, they propagate as â€Å"memeplexes’. Meme complexes act as cooperative groups. (Richard, 1990) A ‘gene’ on the other hand, is a region that can be located and has a sequence called ‘genomic sequence. This corresponds to an inheritance unit that is closely associated with regions that play a regulatory function, the regions, which are transcribed, and other regions with functional sequence. The phenotype and physical development of organisms is believed to be productivity of genes, which interact among themselves and with their environment. Genes are generally inheritance units. A gene generally defines human or organism’s characteristic and the functionality of potential products. Genes do not define products but rather they contain regions. Eukaryotic organisms contain regions, which do not have coding regions and are called introns. These are taken away from RNA, which acts as the messenger in a process referred to as ‘splicing’. Exons are regions, which encode the products of gene. A total number of genes, which make a set, is called ‘genome’. The genome size of an organism is usually low in prokaryotes, which come in base pairs and the gene’s numbers. The theorists of meme state that meme evolve through natural selection, this is similar to biological evolution of Darwin through competition, inheritance, variation and mutation. THE ROLE OF CULTURAL EVOLUTION Cultural evolution and socio-evolution fall under the umbrella called ‘socio-cultural evolution’. It describes how societies and cultures have come into being over time. Cultural theories provide us with models to enhance our understanding on the relationship between our social structure, technologies and society values; and give reasons why and how they change gradually. They change to a degree to which specific mechanisms of social change are described. (Richard 1990) Around 20th and 19th century, there were approaches, which were aimed to give models for humankind evolution. The argument is that the social development of different societies is not in the same stage. The recent approaches of the 20th century emphasize on changes, which are specific to a society as an individual and turn down social progress and directional change. Archeologists and anthropologists use modern theories as the framework of socio-cultural evolution. Sociobiology and neo-evolutionism are some of modern approaches employed to cultural evolution. Richard Dawkins, the ethnologist discovered ‘meme’. According to his book, â€Å"TheSelfish Gene’ 1976, likened human’s cultural evolution unit to a gene. His argument was that replication happens in the culture, through in a different sense. Dawkins contends that meme, which resides in the brain represents units of information and it is the replicator that controls mutation in cultural evolution of humans. This forms a pattern, which has the power to influence surroundings, that is, it can propagate and possesses causal agency. However, his theory caused a heated debate among biologists, sociologists and scientists from other disciplines. Dawkins failed to given adequate explanation about the information units replicates, in organism’s brain, how it can control the behaviour of a human being and finally culture. It is apparent that it was not Dawkins intention to give the theory of memetics. Comprehensively in the selfish gene, he coined the word meme in a kind of speculative spirit. In the same sense, ‘unit of information was given different definitions by different scientists. (Richard 1990). MEME AND EDUCATION It is not entirely impossible though it is hard to debate the subject matter of the functions of emotions in education system if we are lacking the right words to sufficiently discuss the topic. This is the scenario when we reach a point of discussing the functional role of ‘emotional intelligence’ because it has got to do with the needs of our younger brothers and sisters as well as great grandchildren and become stochastically and mathematically proficient so as they can exist and fit in the competition which is characterized by technological advancement. Many educators are failing because they lack words such as ‘eipiphiny’ and ‘mehme’ and hence do not have words, which play an important role of ‘emotional intelligence,’ and how it relates to stochastic and mathematical literacy sufficiently and appropriately address attempts that can be made. The outcome is a system of education that is believed to be failing. If the kids can experience and feel eipiphinies and MEHMES, kids will definitely love maths, and see its relevance to their lives daily. It also contributes a feeling of self-confident. The key here is to create the terms mehme and eipiphiny. Introduction of mehme and eipiphiny may have a positive effect if incorporated in the meme selection process.